I've had malayan shrimps successfully breed over a few generations in my tanks before (when i used to keep them). The tanks where i ran sponge filters had the most surviving shrimplets, while those with hang-on or canister filters had very few or no surviving shrimplets. Like what you observed, shrimp intake guards can't prevent the larvae from getting sucked into those filters, and they will not survive the ordeal due to how fragile they are at that planktonic larvae stage.
That being said, it could still be possible for a good percentage of the larvae to survive if the tank is very large and the flow is relatively slow, so that there are deadspots where the larvae can hang around for a few days until they convert to shrimplets.
I guess if you want maximum larvae survival rate and development/conversion to shrimplet form, its best to just breed them in a tank that uses sponge filters.
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